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Gibberella zeae
''Gibberella zeae'', also known by the name of its anamorph ''Fusarium graminearum'', is a plant pathogen which causes fusarium head blight, a devastating disease on wheat and barley.〔Bai G, Shaner G (2004):Management and resistance in wheat and barley to Fusarium head blight. Annual Review of Phytopathology
42: 135-161 ()〕 The pathogen is responsible for billions of dollars in economic losses worldwide each year.〔De Wolf ED, Madden LV, Lipps PE (2003): Risk assessment models for wheat Fusarium head blight epidemics based on within-season weather data. Phytopathology 93: 428-435. ()〕 Infection causes shifts in the amino acid composition of wheat,〔Beyer M, Aumann J (2008): Effects of ''Fusarium'' infection on the amino acid composition of winter wheat grain. Food Chemistry 111: 750-754. ()〕 resulting in shriveled kernels and contaminating the remaining grain with mycotoxins, mainly deoxynivalenol, which inhibits protein biosynthesis; and zearalenone, an estrogenic mycotoxin. These toxins cause vomiting, liver damage, and reproductive defects in livestock, and are harmful to humans through contaminated food. Despite great efforts to find resistance genes against ''F. graminearum'', no completely resistant variety is currently available. Research on the biology of ''F. graminearum'' is directed towards gaining insight into more details about the infection process and reveal weak spots in the life cycle of this pathogen to develop fungicides that can protect wheat from scab infection.
== Life cycle ==
''F. graminearum'' is a haploid homothallic ascomycete. The fruiting bodies, perithecia, develop on the mycelium and give rise to ascospores, which land on susceptible parts of the host plant to germinate. The fungus causes fusarium head blight on wheat, barley, and other grass species, as well as ear rot on corn. The primary inocula are the ascospores, sexual spores which are produced in the perithecia.〔Beyer M, Verreet J-A (2005): Germination of ''Gibberella zeae'' ascospores as affected by age of spores after discharge and environmental factors. European Journal of Plant Pathology 111: 381-389. ()〕 Spores are forcibly discharged and can germinate within six hours upon landing on the plant surface. The scab disease is monocyclic; after one cycle of infection with ascospores, the fungus produces macroconidia by asexual reproduction.〔Beyer M, Röding S, Ludewig A, Verreet J-A (2004): Germination and survival of ''Fusarium graminearum'' macroconidia as affected by environmental factors. Journal of Phytopathology 152: 92-97.()〕 These structures overwinter in the soil or in plant debris on the field and give rise to the mycelium in the next season.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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